發布時(shi)間(jian)：2019-06-14
我(wo)國目前使用(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)可分為(wei)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)兩類，其(qi)國家檢定規程分別為(wei)JJG307-2006《機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)》和(he)(he)JJG596-1999《電(dian)(dian)(dian)子式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)》，而(er)機(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)式(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)又(you)分為(wei)照明(ming)用(yong)(yong)單相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)和(he)(he)工業(ye)用(yong)(yong)動力三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表(biao)。
國家電(dian)(dian)能(neng)表兩個檢(jian)(jian)定規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)在不(bu)管檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)哪(na)類電(dian)(dian)能(neng)表（機電(dian)(dian)式(shi)或電(dian)(dian)子式(shi)）時(shi)，對(dui)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)表各檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)點(dian)通(tong)過的(de)電(dian)(dian)流，只要(yao)(yao)(yao)公率因(yin)素(su)為(wei)1和0.5時(shi)，檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)的(de)各點(dian)差值符合(he)電(dian)(dian)表規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，就(jiu)判(pan)該(gai)電(dian)(dian)表合(he)格，超出規(gui)(gui)程(cheng)誤差要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，判(pan)不(bu)合(he)格，而對(dui)被檢(jian)(jian)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)表通(tong)過的(de)電(dian)(dian)流量分(fen)為(wei)滿(man)載（100%）輕載（20%、10%），檢(jian)(jian)定合(he)格后的(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)表，在使用(yong)單位(wei)周期內電(dian)(dian)能(neng)表上(shang)刻(ke)度所(suo)顯(xian)示數值可(ke)以(yi)作為(wei)用(yong)戶用(yong)電(dian)(dian)多少的(de)依據，并以(yi)此數值作為(wei)交納和收(shou)取二(er)者之(zhi)間貿易結(jie)算的(de)金額(e)。
若(ruo)(ruo)在檢(jian)測中，檢(jian)測點電(dian)(dian)(dian)流顯示(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)誤差(cha)時，則表示(shi)(shi)(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表實(shi)際(ji)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)小于電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表所示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，若(ruo)(ruo)按電(dian)(dian)(dian)表所示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)結算，用(yong)戶利益(yi)受損要(yao)多付費用(yong)，為(wei)(wei)負(fu)(fu)誤差(cha)時則表示(shi)(shi)(shi)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表實(shi)際(ji)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)大于電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表所示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)，若(ruo)(ruo)按電(dian)(dian)(dian)表所示(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)結算金額，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)部門利益(yi)受損要(yao)少收取費用(yong)，所以(yi)，超過國家檢(jian)定規程正(zheng)負(fu)(fu)誤差(cha)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)表均不得使(shi)用(yong)，這是對電(dian)(dian)(dian)表首次檢(jian)定的要(yao)求(qiu)。
但是(shi)很多(duo)電(dian)能(neng)表(biao)在(zai)首(shou)次檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)時正負(fu)誤差(cha)符合(he)檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)規程要(yao)求(qiu)，經(jing)過(guo)一段時間(jian)使用(yong)后(hou)，因(yin)為(wei)諸(zhu)多(duo)因(yin)素的影響，會出(chu)(chu)現(xian)超(chao)差(cha)現(xian)象(xiang)，就會引起經(jing)濟糾(jiu)紛。這種糾(jiu)紛的處理方法是(shi)以仲裁部門(men)出(chu)(chu)具的檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)證書誤差(cha)值(zhi)來退(tui)還或(huo)者收(shou)取差(cha)額電(dian)費(fei)。在(zai)仲裁檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)中是(shi)嚴(yan)格按(an)照國家檢定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)規程誤差(cha)值(zhi)來做出(chu)(chu)判定(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)的。但這里有一個實(shi)際(ji)問(wen)題(ti)，根據規程要(yao)求(qiu)，這個誤差(cha)值(zhi)只是(shi)檢測的電(dian)能(neng)表(biao)滿(man)載和輕(qing)載檢測點的數據顯示值(zhi)，是(shi)否(fou)能(neng)反映真實(shi)用(yong)電(dian)情況，值(zhi)得商(shang)榷(que)。
因為(wei)(wei)各(ge)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)所使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能表(biao)額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)不(bu)同(tong)，而供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)門(men)(men)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)面對(dui)的是(shi)千家萬戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，既(ji)(ji)有照明用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也(ye)有工業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在(zai)輸出時(shi)不(bu)會太大(da)也(ye)不(bu)會太小，各(ge)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)所使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器功(gong)率大(da)小也(ye)不(bu)同(tong)。不(bu)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)的額定(ding)(ding)******電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)(he)最(zui)(zui)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)，也(ye)不(bu)是(shi)滿(man)(man)(man)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。一(yi)定(ding)(ding)是(shi)額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的60%～70%中等荷(he)(he)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。當(dang)碰到(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)門(men)(men)因電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)問(wen)題貿易結(jie)(jie)算(suan)有爭議，需仲裁(cai)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)時(shi)，我(wo)們僅以通(tong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)滿(man)(man)(man)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)來(lai)做(zuo)出判定(ding)(ding)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)實際誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)，顯然(ran)是(shi)不(bu)妥的。現(xian)實工作中我(wo)們經常(chang)碰到(dao)有用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)，拿著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)表(biao)到(dao)我(wo)所要求(qiu)仲裁(cai)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)。檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)證書(shu)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)出具后，還是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)滿(man)(man)(man)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)的不(bu)一(yi)致，有時(shi)相(xiang)差(cha)(cha)還較大(da)，而不(bu)愿對(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量進行貿易結(jie)(jie)算(suan)退(tui)回(hui)或(huo)回(hui)補用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，各(ge)方(fang)(fang)都(dou)尋找(zhao)對(dui)自己有利(li)的誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)。如(ru)果(guo)是(shi)工業用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)大(da)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)的選擇不(bu)同(tong)，可能對(dui)各(ge)方(fang)(fang)利(li)益影響甚大(da)。例如(ru)：100%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)滿(man)(man)(man)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)10%，而10%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)為(wei)(wei)25%，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)就愿按10%補差(cha)(cha)價(jia)，供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)就想(xiang)按25%輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)收取所欠費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，各(ge)持一(yi)詞。筆(bi)者認(ren)為(wei)(wei)既(ji)(ji)不(bu)按滿(man)(man)(man)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)也(ye)不(bu)按輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)判定(ding)(ding)，因取60%～70%（65%）中等荷(he)(he)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)來(lai)計算(suan)差(cha)(cha)額費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，這也(ye)符合供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)門(men)(men)日常(chang)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的要求(qiu)，也(ye)就是(shi)說(shuo)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能表(biao)兩個(ge)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)規程中都(dou)應(ying)增加一(yi)個(ge)60%～70%（65%）中等荷(he)(he)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)檢(jian)(jian)驗點。這個(ge)檢(jian)(jian)驗點增加的目的，就是(shi)給供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)一(yi)旦發生(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)矛盾，提供(gong)(gong)一(yi)個(ge)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)都(dou)能接受的和(he)(he)實際用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量接近的中等荷(he)(he)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)，增加雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)對(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)的認(ren)同(tong)程度。而實際上當(dang)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)(fang)一(yi)旦發生(sheng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結(jie)(jie)算(suan)糾紛，雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)最(zui)(zui)后大(da)多也(ye)只能按滿(man)(man)(man)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)和(he)(he)輕(qing)載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的平均值作為(wei)(wei)最(zui)(zui)后的處理結(jie)(jie)果(guo)。
如果國(guo)家(jia)(jia)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)規(gui)程中直接規(gui)定(ding)(ding)了中等65%荷載誤(wu)差(cha)，以上問題就迎刃而(er)解了。所以筆(bi)者建(jian)議(yi)(yi)應將電(dian)能表(biao)兩個國(guo)家(jia)(jia)檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)規(gui)程進行修訂(ding)，增加一(yi)(yi)個65%中等荷載檢(jian)(jian)驗點(dian)為好。并且建(jian)議(yi)(yi)在出具(ju)(ju)電(dian)能表(biao)計量仲裁檢(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)證書報告時，將65%檢(jian)(jian)測點(dian)用(yong)電(dian)量誤(wu)差(cha)和其它荷載檢(jian)(jian)測點(dian)用(yong)電(dian)誤(wu)差(cha)數據一(yi)(yi)并出具(ju)(ju)。
